Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Benefits And Benefits Of Ford Motor Company - 1657 Words

Ford Motor Company is a multinational automaker located in the United States of America. The company has employed thousands of employees across the world. Any successful company must provide its employees with a good compensation and benefits plan to remain competitive. As a result, this study focused on researching the types of compensation and benefits plans Ford Motor Company offered to its employees. The study found out that the company offers compensation and benefits plans such as base pay, variable pay, insurance (health, risk, and life), holiday pay, maternity leave, vacation, and pension. This study also determined the advantages and disadvantages of the above compensation plans and benefits. Key words: Ford Motor†¦show more content†¦It also recognizes that the company can get maximum output from the employees by ensuring they are always motivated and have the best working environment. One way of achieving that is through ensuring that employees have a good organizational compensation and benefits policy. A research on the company reveals that the management of the company has put up several organizational compensation and benefits for their employees. Compensation and benefits definition Compensation refers to the rewards that an employee earns from a company in return for the labor services they provide to the enterprise (Martocchio, 2010). They include direct financial compensation such as salaries, wages, and bonuses, indirect financial compensation such as retirement plans, leaves, and education services, and lastly non-financial services such as advancement opportunities and career development (Martocchio, 2010). On the other hand, benefits refer to the compensations that a company gives to its employees on an optional basis in addition to their usual salaries. They include disability income protection (dental, vision, life, and health), sick leave, paid and non-paid vacation, and funding of education among others (Martocchio, 2010). A study on Ford Motor Company revealed that it has been providing its employees with several compensation and benefits plans over the years. The management of Ford Motor Company has been performi ng several reviews on

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

The Impacts of Adolf Hitler Essay - 1495 Words

What impacts did Hitler have at the time and later in history? The start of World War II was one of the biggest impacts. There were many countries involved in this war. The major countries under the allies were Britain, France, U.S., Soviet Union, and under the axis also had major countries like the Germany, japan, and Italy. The Germany was at its peak. And it was all because of one man, Adolf Hitler, he was one of the most dominant German leaders in history, no doubt about that. Other superior leaders during World War II were: Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and the japan emperor Hirohito. Hitler was responsible for nearly 50 million deaths all around the world, and most importantly his hatred†¦show more content†¦Adolf Hitler was a failure at his young age, where he couldn’t keep up with school, or pursue his dream as a painter. Hitler was really a pauper, he did manage to sell few of his paintings, but the worst part was he slept on the benches and ate from the soup kitchens. He was helpless. So then he decides to forgo painting, and joins the military during World War I, Hitler’s prowess earned him 5 medals, of those five, two were the iron cross medals. He was also blinded by a gas attack at the end of the war, but he recovered. After World War I ended, Germany’s economy had collapsed. Hitler thought the Jews were responsible for the Germany’s defeat. He believed that the nation had been â€Å"stabbed in the back† by the Jews (history learning site). After World War I ended, Hitler stepped into the politics. He joined the German’s workers party; he later changed its name to National German Workers’ Party or Also known as the Nazi party. But after the uprising act in Munich, it sent him to prison for nine months. He wrote the book â€Å"mein kempf† meaning â€Å"my struggle†, which sold about 5 million copies. He attained a lot of fame after writ ing that book. He used his failed revolution and the book he wrote to seize power legally. At this time Hitler had a huge impact on the Germany, he was such a indefatigable speaker, he gave speech after speech, called in meetings after meetings, and The mind of Adolf HitlerShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts of Adolf Hitler1199 Words   |  5 PagesWhat impacts did Hitler have at the time and later in history? The start of World War II was one of the biggest impacts. There were many countries involved in this war. The major countries under the allies were Britain, France, U.S., Soviet Union, and under the axis also had major countries like the Germany, japan, and Italy. The Germany was at its peak. And it was all because of one man, Adolf Hitler, he was one of the most dominant German leaders in history, no doubt about that. Other great leadersRead MoreAdolf Hitler: Impacts and Influences Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesAdolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Austria where he was baptiz ed into the Catholic church. He was the son of an Austrian customs official, and dropped out of high school at age sixteen. As a young man, Hitler dreamed of being an artist. He applied to the Vienna Academy of the Arts twice and was rejected both times. He made a meager living by painting and selling postcards in Linz, Vienna, and Munich. Hitler affected Germany greatly because of his political offices. He founded the Nazi partyRead MoreThe Impact Of Adolf Hitler And The National Socialist Nazi Party1284 Words   |  6 PagesParty, was led by Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945. Hitler became a member of the party the year that it was founded in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. In January of 1933, Hitler was the legal official and the Nazi Party became government. Together they took on total power of Germany. Because Hitler had so much power, he made the people of his country believe that the reason they had lost World War 1 was because of the Jews. He also blamed the Jews for all o f Germany’s problems. Hitler had racial beliefsRead MoreAdolf Hitler As A Leader Of Nazi Germany1677 Words   |  7 PagesAdolf Hitler once said â€Å"It is more difficult to fight against faith than against knowledge† (â€Å"30 Eye Catching Hitler Quotes.). In a dictatorship there is one ruler who is in charge of everything in the nation in which he/she rules. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn. Hitler also known as Fà ¼hrer; he was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as dictator from 1934 to 1945. Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany, he was one of the initial causes which triggeredRead MoreA Dystopian Society Is An Imbalance Between The Government And The People Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pages Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany Luigi Zavala Ms. Underhill 6 HELA 21 November 2016 Thesis Statement: A dystopian society is an imbalance between the government and the people and how their choices affect the society in a bad way; Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany is a very good example of a dystopian society. By analyzing Nazi Germany and Hitler’s tyranny, one can notice Adolf’s changes in Germany, his impacts on people, and how the genres of literature can be taught throughRead Moreâ€Å"Anyone can deal with victory. Only the mighty can bear defeat.†(Hitler, goodreads) Hitler was a600 Words   |  3 Pagesdeal with victory. Only the mighty can bear defeat.†(Hitler, goodreads) Hitler was a great military leader, but just not in a good way. Hitler had many great achievements like his sudden rise to power. In this paper I will inform you about Hitlers personal life, political career, and talk about what he did in World War I and World War II. Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Bavaria Germany. He was the fourth child of six siblings. When Hitler was three-years-old, his family moved to Pasua, GermanyRead MoreHitler, Stepping Into The Light. . Hitler, Racist And Murderer?1102 Words   |  5 PagesHitler, stepping into the light. Hitler, racist and murderer? Leader and visionary? Or both? Cassi-Dee Muller reports. Adolf Hitler, known for his rise to power, his revolutionary dictatorship and his starting of a world war. But was he simply a bad man with a negative impact on the world? Or was he just being an excellent leader? Born in Austria 1889, Hitler was an average young German until his adult life, where he achieved the position as the leader of the Nazi party. As a Nazi, he believedRead MoreColby Warzecha. College English. 2017. The Rise And Fall1739 Words   |  7 PagesCollege English 2017 The Rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler WWII was undoubtedly one of the world’s greatest calamities with millions of lives lost. This war impacts the world even today. No person bears more responsibility than Adolf Hitler. It is important; however, to learn and understand his life so that the world does not repeat the same mistakes as seen in the 20th century. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria. His father, Alois Hitler, worked as a mid-level customs officialRead MoreThe Reason Behind The Genocide861 Words   |  4 Pagesnot at all unjust to (His) slaves,† (Fussilat 41:46), meaning that everyone is responsible for their own actions. Adolf Hitler is no longer alive therefore saying that he is living proof could not be justified. Leaving behind the fact that he is no longer alive, it can still be said that he was once proof that not everyone is responsible for their own actions. Some Historians blame Hitler for all of the killings he made. However, they do not think of what could have been the reason behind his genocideRead MoreHitler s Impact On The World War II1636 Words   |  7 Pagesa square, saluting and chanting Hitler s name. World War II has begun and many Germans hope for improvements in the economy. Their leader is Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany in World War II, was a powerful spea ker who caused over 5 million deaths in concentration camps. Though Hitler s impact can be felt in modern times, the roots of his atrocious behavior began at childhood—more specifically—high school. Years before Adolf Hitler was born, Hitler s great grandfather, Johann Georg

Monday, December 9, 2019

Dances with Wolves free essay sample

Dances with Wolves From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Dances with wolves) Jump to: navigation, search For the song by Mount Eerie, see Mount Eerie Dances with Wolves. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) Dances with Wolves Directed by Kevin Costner Produced by Jim Wilson Kevin Costner Written by Michael Blake Narrated by Kevin Costner Starring Kevin Costner Mary McDonnell Graham Greene Rodney A. Grant Music by John Barry Cinematography Dean Semler Editing by Neil Travis Distributed by Orion Pictures Release date(s) November 21, 1990 Running time Theatrical: 181 min. Directors Cut: 236 min. Country United States United Kingdom Language English Lakota Pawnee Budget $22,000,000 Gross revenue $424,208,848 Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic western film based on the book of the same name which tells the story of a Civil War-era United States Army lieutenant who travels to the American frontier to find a military post, and his dealings with a group of Lakota. We will write a custom essay sample on Dances with Wolves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Developed by director/star Kevin Costner over five years, with a budget of only $18 million, the film has high production values[1] and won 7 Academy Awards including Best Picture and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Drama. [2] Much of the dialogue is in the Lakota language with English subtitles. It was shot in South Dakota and Wyoming. It is considered one of the best films of the 1990s and is credited as a leading influence for the revitalization of the Western genre of filmmaking in Hollywood. In 2007, Dances with Wolves was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. [3] Contents [hide] 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 6 Sequel 7 Historical references 8 Home video editions 8. 1 Laserdisc 8. 2 VHS 8. 3 DVD 8. 4 Blu-ray 9 Soundtrack 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links [edit] Plot The film opens during the American Civil War. In a United States Army field hospital, First Lieutenant John J. Dunbar (Kevin Costner) learns that his injured leg is to be amputated. Seeing the plight of fellow soldiers with amputated legs, Dunbar leaves the hospital, steals a cavalry horse, and attempts suicide by riding across the no mans land between the opposing Union and Confederate positions. His action unexpectedly rallies the Union soldiers, who storm the Confederate defenses to win the battle. Impressed by Dunbars actions, the commanding general of the Union forces, Major General Tide (Donald Hotton), summons his personal surgeon to save Dunbars leg. Tide declares Dunbar to be a hero and awards him Cisco, the horse who carried him in battle as well as offering Dunbar his choice of posting. Dunbar requests a transfer to the western frontier and soon after his leg heals he arrives at a fort which is a gateway to the west. This is where he begins to record his frontier experiences in a journal read in voice over. Dunbar meets Major Fambrough (Maury Chaykin), who has slipped into alcohol-fueled delusions of grandeur (apparently believing he is a king and Dunbar a medieval knight). Fambrough scribbles out Dunbars orders to report to Captain Cargill at Fort Sedgwick and pairs him off with an uncouth drayage teamster named Timmons (Robert Pastorelli), who is to convey him to his post. After they depart, Fambrough shoots himself in the head. After a journey across the South Dakota plains, Dunbar and Timmons arrive at the desolate Fort Sedgwick. Timmons leaves, and Dunbar is left by himself at the outpost, with a lone wolf that he befriends and dubs Two Socks. The deaths of Fambrough and Timmons, who is ambushed and scalped by Pawnee Indians, prevent the rest of the army from knowing of Dunbars isolated assignment. Dunbar initially encounters Sioux neighbors when the tribes Holy man, Kicking Bird (Graham Greene) attempts to capture Dunbars horse, Cisco, but he is scared off by Dunbars unexpected reappearance. Later some of the tribes youths, Smiles A Lot and Otter (Nathan Lee Chasing His Horse and Michael Spears), capture and attempt to break Cisco. Later still, some of the tribes mature warriors, led by an aggressive warrior named Wind in His Hair (Rodney A. Grant), are likewise thwarted. The Sioux decide that Cisco is not worth the effort and leave him alone; the horse returns to Dunbars fort. In response to these interactions, Dunbar seeks out the Sioux camp. On his way, he comes across Stands With A Fist (Mary McDonnell), the white, adopted daughter of Kicking Bird. She is a recent widow who has just slit her wrists. Dunbar returns her to the Indian camp to be treated, which dramatically changes the Sioux attitude about Dunbar. Eventually, Dunbar establishes a rapport with Kicking Bird, though the language barrier frustrates them; eventually Stands With A Fist acts as a translator. Since her parents were slaughtered by the Pawnee, she has been assimilated to Sioux culture and she fears that Dunbar will try to return her to the whites. Instead, Dunbar finds himself drawn to the lifestyle and customs of the tribe, and constantly looks forward to their company. He becomes a hero among the Sioux and is accepted as an honored guest after he locates a migrating herd of buffalo. During the ensuing buffalo hunt, he saves Smiles A Lot from a rampaging bull, and at last Wind In His Hair accepts him as a friend. When he returns to the soldier fort, Dunbars thoughts dwell on the Indian camp. He makes an impromptu visit, but is dismayed to find Two Socks following him. Irritated, he dismounts and orders the wolf to return home, but Two Socks playfully trips him up. The exchange is observed by Kicking Bird, Stone Calf, and Wind in His Hair, who decide to rename Dunbar as Su? gmanitu T? a? a Obwachi (the eponymous Dances with Wolves). During this visit, Dunbar finds that most of the warriors in the camp are preparing to go on a raid against a rival Pawnee tribe. Kicking Bird refuses to admit him into the war party, but leaves him behind to care for his family. During this time, Stands With A Fist tutors him in Lakota and they fall in love. Unfortunatel y, the relationship is made taboo by the recent death of Stands With A Fists husband, so they are forced to keep their intimacy a secret. As the weeks wear on, the war party still has not returned, but scouts pick up word of a large Pawnee war party approaching the camp. No longer worried about maintaining the armys stockpile of rifles, Dunbar opens his surplus stores of ammunition to defend the settlement against the Pawnee, saving the village (except for Stone Calf, who is slain). Kicking Bird and Wind In His Hair return to find that the tribe has accepted Dunbar as a full-fledged member. With this accomplished, Dances With Wolves eventually wins Kicking Birds approval to marry Stands With A Fist, and he abandons Fort Sedgwick forever. Dunbars idyll ends when he tells Kicking Bird that white men will continue to invade their land. They tell Chief Ten Bears (Floyd Red Crow Westerman), who decides it is time to move the village to its winter camp. As the packing finishes, Dunbar realizes that his journal, left behind at the deserted fort, is a blueprint for finding the tribe, as well as evidence of his abandoning his assignment. He returns to the outpost to retrieve it, but finds Fort Sedgwick has finally been re-occupied by army troops. Because Dunbar is dressed in Lakota wear, the soldiers do not recognize him as an officer, and shoot at him, killing Cisco. As Dunbar weeps over the body of his fallen horse, the soldiers kick and beat him, arresting him as a traitor. In an abusive interrogation, Dunbar explains to the unsympathetic Major (Wayne Grace) in command and Lt. Elgin that he had a journal with orders about his posting to Fort Sedgwick. Corporal Spivey (Tony Pierce) denies the existence of this journal, but actually has it in his pocket. After Dunbar declares in the Lakota language that he is now Dances With Wolves, the officers set out to deliver Dunbar to Fort Hays, Kansas for execution on a charge of treason. When they happen upon Two Socks, Spivey, Edwards (Kirk Baltz), and the other soldiers shoot at the wolf, who refuses to leave Dunbar. Despite Dunbars attempts to intervene, Two Socks is killed by Edwards, then the convoy moves off. However, a band of Sioux braves are close on their trail. Wind In His Hair and other Sioux warriors attack the convoy and rescue Dunbar. Smiles A Lot retrieves Dunbars journal floating in a brook, where Spivey has lost it. After returning to the winter camp, Dunbar realizes that as a deserter and murderer, he is now a fugitive and will continue to draw the Armys attention, endangering the tribe. Despite the protests of his Sioux friends, Dunbar decides that he must leave the tribe. Stands With A Fist decides to accompany him. Before they depart, Smiles A Lot returns his journal. Dunbar and Kicking Bird also exchange gifts. As Dances With Wolves and Stands With A Fist leave the camp, Wind In His Hair cries out that Dances With Wolves will always be his friend. Soon after, a column of US Cavalry and Pawnee army scouts arrive to find the former Sioux camp site empty. Before the end credits, a note explains that thirteen years later the last remnants of free Sioux were subjugated to the U. S. Government, ending the conquest of the Western frontier states. [edit] Cast Dances with Wolves illustration featuring Kevin Costner and Rodney A. Grant. Kevin Costner as Lt. John J. Dunbar/Dances With Wolves Mary McDonnell as Stands With A Fist Graham Greene as Kicking Bird Rodney A. Grant as Wind In His Hair Floyd Red Crow Westerman as Chief Ten Bears Tantoo Cardinal as Black Shawl Jimmy Herman as Stone Calf Nathan Lee Chasing His Horse as Smiles A Lot Michael Spears as Otter Jason R. Lone Hill as Worm Charles Rocket as Lt. Elgin Robert Pastorelli as Timmons Larry Joshua as Sgt. Bauer Tony Pierce as Spivey Kirk Baltz as Edwards Tom Everett as Sgt. Pepper Maury Chaykin as Maj. Fambrough Wes Studi as the fiercest Pawnee Wayne Grace as The Major [edit] Production Originally written as a spec script by Michael Blake, it went unsold in the mid-1980s. It was Kevin Costner who, in early 1986 (when he was relatively unknown), encouraged Blake to turn the screenplay into a novel, to improve its chances of being adapted into a film. The novel manuscript of Dances with Wolves was rejected by numerous publishers but finally published in paperback in 1988. As a novel, the rights were purchased by Costner, with an eye to his directing it. [4] Actual production lasted for four months, from July 18 to November 23, 1989. Most of the movie was filmed on location in South Dakota, mainly near Pierre and Rapid City, with a few scenes filmed in Wyoming. Specific locations included the Badlands National Park, the Black Hills, the Sage Creek Wilderness Area, and the Belle Fourche River area. The buffalo hunt scenes were filmed at the Triple U Buffalo Ranch outside Pierre, South Dakota, as were the Fort Sedgwick scenes, the set being constructed on the property. [5] Production delays were numerous, due to South Dakotas unpredictable weather, the difficulty of directing barely trainable wolves, and the complexity of the Indian battle scenes. Particularly arduous was the films centerpiece buffalo hunt sequence: this elaborate chase was filmed over three weeks using 100 Indian stunt riders and an actual stampeding herd of several thousand buffalo. During one shot, Costner (who did almost all of his own horseback riding) was T-boned by another rider and knocked off his horse, nearly breaking his back. The accident is captured in The Creation of an Epic, the behind-the-scenes documentary on the Dances With Wolves Special Edition DVD. According to the documentary, none of the buffalo were computer animated (CGI was then in its infancy) and only a few were animatronic or otherwise fabricated. In fact, Costner and crew employed the largest domestically owned buffalo ranch, with two of the domesticated buffalo being borrowed from Neil Young; this was the herd used for the buffalo hunt sequence. Budget overruns were inevitable, owing to Costners breaking several unspoken Hollywood rules for first-time directors:[citation needed] avoid shooting outside and avoid working with children and animals, as much as possible. As a result, late in the production Costner was forced to personally add $3 million out-of-pocket to the films original $15-million budget. Referencing the infamous fiasco of Michael Ciminos 1980 Heavens Gate, considered the most mismanaged Western in film history, Costners project was satirically dubbed Kevins Gate by Hollywood critics and pundits skeptical of a three-hour, partially subtitled Western by a novice filmmaker. [4] The film changed the novels Comanche Indians to Sioux, because of the larger number of Sioux speakers. The language spoken is a fairly accurate, although simplified[citation needed], version of the actual Lakota language. Lakota Sioux language instructor Doris Leader Charge (1931—2001) was the on-set Lakota dialogue coach and also portrayed Pretty Shield, wife of Chief Ten Bears, portrayed by Floyd Red Crow Westerman. [4] Indian activist and actor Russell Means commented on the movie as follows: Remember Lawrence of Arabia? That was Lawrence of the Plains. The odd thing about making that movie is, they had a woman teaching the actors the Lakota language. But Lakota has a male-gendered language and a female-gendered language. Some of the Indians and Kevin Costner were speaking in the feminine way. When I went to see it with a bunch of Lakota guys, we were laughing. Despite portraying the adopted daughter of Graham Greenes character Kicking Bird, Mary McDonnell, then 37, was actually two months older than Greene, and less than two years younger than Tantoo Cardinal, the actress playing her adoptive mother. In addition, McDonnell was extremely nervous about shooting her sex scene with Kevin Costner, requesting it be toned down to a more modest version than what was scripted. [4] [edit] Reception

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Phone Tapping Essay Example

Phone Tapping Paper A Characteristic of Orwell’s Big Brother? Communication makes the world what it is. Without communication, people would virtually be in total isolation from one another and with events around the world. Telephones play an integral role in providing this much-needed communication. Telephones also permit people the freedom to say what they wish to others on a confidential basis, without any risk of witnesses. This freedom allows releases that many people believe no one can take away. Most people take this freedom for granted and overlook the fact that the government can, under certain restricted conditions, take it away by phone tapping. Phone tapping is the secret monitoring of a conversation by a third party. Where some may argue that phone tapping is necessary, that argument is misleading and incorrect in many aspects. Many argue that phone tapping is an invasion of privacy. Nowhere in the Constitution is the word privacy mentioned, implying that, â€Å"Privacy is a value or ideal in society,† (McCloskey) but not a right. This is one argument in support of phone tapping. While some claim that the Constitution supports this argument, sections of the Constitution actually provide reasons why this argument is incorrect (Browne). Those guidelines imply that Americans have the right to privacy, because there would be no point for laws to protect privacy if privacy was not a right. However, the Bill of Rights does not explicitly say the word privacy but it implies and defends privacy within multiple amendments including the Fourth and the Tenth. The Fourth Amendment clearly states, â€Å"Without probable cause and a search warrant, the government cannot search or seize your house or belongings. † (United States Constitution. ). The right to not to have one’s personal property and belongings searched, is a guideline that defines privacy. We will write a custom essay sample on Phone Tapping specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Phone Tapping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Phone Tapping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Tenth Amendment states, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states, or to the people. † (United States Constitution. ). This means the government has no power or right to invade our privacy or do anything that it not specifically sanctioned in the Constitution (Browne). Therefore, concerning the invasion of privacy by phone tapping, the government has no right under any circumstances to tap any phone for any means without probable cause. Government phone tapping is said to be a key approach to staying one-step ahead of criminals and terrorists (â€Å"Bush Defends. †). The major problem with this argument is the enemy usually is too smart for phone tapping! Most often, terrorists and criminals are able to devise huge schemes to break the law without being caught. It is rather naive to assume that simple phone tapping will put roadblocks in their plans. Criminals and terrorists sometimes know the government’s plans and often they are aware of what the government is trying to do to discover their criminal acts and terroristic plots (Levy). For example, most terrorists and criminals assume their home phones are tapped and therefore they do not use them to plan their attacks or crimes (Finder). If phone calls need to be made, they normally are made off the premises or in public places. Therefore, phone tapping is too elementary to counteract their plans. Getting a court order to phone tap every public phone, for the possibility that a terrorist may use it, is quite trivial because that possibility is hardly probable enough to gain multiple phone tapping warrants (Hollingsworth and Mayes). When a phone is tapped, someone has to listen to every conversation, carefully listening for suspicious details or plans. This takes bodies away from more promising and pressing leads that quite possibly could uncover corrupt and illegal plans. In turn this actually results in phone tapping possibly aiding in criminal acts as opposed to hindering them (Levy). This idea that phone tapping aids in staying ahead of the criminals is too nominal to be considered an argument. It seems that the government is desperate to defend phone tapping so it devised this argument. Furthermore, the results that government sponsored phone-tapping produce are so marginal, it seems that spending time and money on it is futile (Levy). The government taps phones to discover evidence about a certain topic. Data mining is a system that aids in phone tapping: once a phone is tapped, all the conversations are data-mined to show trends which the government analyzes to decipher which phone records to dissect (Levy). The evidence discovered by data-mining and phone tapping only leads to more leads, meaning that intercepting evidence may identify a criminal or a suspect but most often does not lead any to incriminating evidence (Morgan and Padley). This poses a major problem. The government cannot risk picking which lead to pursue or not to pursue, and consequently they have to pursue every lead. This is extremely time consuming and if the lead turns out to be a dead end, all that time and money was wasted (Levy). Government phone tapping has so many drawbacks, is it not worth the trouble when the results barely ever produce incriminating evidence. The only legal way for the government to tap a phone is to obtain judicial authorization through a warrant (Gittlen). This system mandates collaboration between the National Security Agency and the federal courts, and forces the agency to have reasonable, coherent evidence to obtain the warrant as stated in a law developed in 1978 (Ashenfelter). Besides the National Security Agency and the judicial branch, communication companies are also involved in phone tapping. Legally, communication companies must aid in government phone taps when presented with a warrant (Ashenfelter). While communication companies are required by law to assist in warranted phone tapping, some phone companies have been assisting in phone tapping regardless of the presence of a warrant, claiming it is better to help them then to let the government do the tapping themselves (Gittlen). A serious question arises when an issue of national security is involved as to whether the government should be allowed to tap a telephone without first getting judicial authorization. The government’s most simple, but most crucial job is to protect its people and their rights at all costs. Currently, the United States is fighting a war on terrorism which threatens those rights. If the government is fighting to preserve those rights, how can the government rationalize encroaching or even suspending our basic rights for periods of time to guarantee their survival (Stephen)? The government’s own actions are conflicting with our basic rights which is what our country is supposedly fighting to defend (Finder). How can the government fight actions that threaten national security, when they themselves are doing the same things? The freedoms promised by the Constitution need to be present and permitted at all times. Subsequently, phone tapping encroaches on those freedoms making it unconstitutional. The claim that the suspension of our basic rights to ensure their survival is pure fabrication. Government phone tapping is an issue that has numerous aspects to it. As with all arguments, many people quickly judge without looking at the big picture. However, experts on the subject can see that phone tapping is both unnecessary and unconstitutional. Phone conversations are something that are held sacred to the public and are a basic right according to the Constitution. Under no circumstance, even desperation is the government allowed to break its laws. Works Cited Ashenfelter, David, comp. Bushs Wiretap Program Gets a Weeks Reprieve. Detroit Free Press 28 Sept. 2006, sec. DN. LexisNexis Academic. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 22 Mar. 2007. Browne, Harry. Does the Constitution Contain a Right to Privacy? 9 May 2003. Google Scholar. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 22 Mar. 2007. Keyword: Phone tapping Privacy. Bush Defends Phone-Tapping Policy. BBC News. 19 Dec. 2005. 27 Mar. 2007 . Finder, Joseph. Tap Dance. The New Republic os 215 (1996): 14+. Wilson Web. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 22 Mar. 2007. Keyword: government phone tapping. Gittlen, Sandra. How Do the Feds Tap Phone Lines? Network World 13 Feb. 2006. Google Scholar. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 25 Mar. 2007. Keyword: federal phone tapping. Hollingsworth, Mark, and Tessa Mayes, comps. The Case is Notable for One Thing He Got Caught. The Guardian (London) 19 Mar. 2007, Final ed. : 8. LexisNexis Academic. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. Levy, Stephen. Only the Beginning? Newsweek 22 May 2006: 33. Wilson Web. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 25 Mar. 2007. Keyword: Phone Tapping National Security. McCloskey, H J. The Political Ideal of Privacy. The Philosophical Quarterly 21 (1971): 303- 314. JSTOR. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 24 Mar. 2007. Keyword: phone tapping. Morgan, Vivienne, and Ben Padley, comps. Using Phone-Tap Evidence Would Increase Convictions' The Press Association Limited 16 Mar. 2007, sec. PN. LexisNexis Academic. Marywood University, Scranton, PA. 22 Mar. 2007. Keyword: government phone tapping. Stephen, Andrew. A Nation Left Unprotected. New Statesman 5 Nov. 2001: 13-14. Wilson Web. Marywood University. 22 Mar. 2007. Keyword: Federal Phone Tapping. United States Constitution. Legal Information Institute. 2006. Cornell Law School. 25 Mar. 2007.